exercise 1 | exercise 2 | exercise 3 | exercise 4 | exercise 5
exercise 1 | exercise 2 | exercise 3 | exercise 4 | exercise 5
exercise 1 | exercise 2 | exercise 3 | exercise 4
Positive statement: I have worked, I have written , He has worked, He has written (I've worked, He's worked)
Negative statement: I have not worked (I haven't worked), He has not worked (He hasn't worked)
Question: Have you worked?
Negative question: Have you not worked? (Haven't you worked?)
Passive voice: They have been invited. It has been done. (See more at active and passive voice.)
The present perfect tense combines the past and present.
1. We use it to express activities or states that started in the past and still continue.
We have lived here since 2001. She has known me for more than two years. How long have they been here?
The present perfect is often combined with expressions indicating that the activity began some time ago and comes up to now, such as: for 10 years, since 1995, all week, all the time, always, lately, recently...
We have always worked in York. (We still work in York.)
It has been quite cold lately. (It is still cold.)
If the activity started and ended in the past the present perfect tense is not possible.
I have smoked for 5 years. (present perfect - I still smoke.)
I smoked for 5 years. (past simple - I smoked from 2000 to 2005, then I stopped.)
2. It can describe an earlier experience (we do not say when it happened), but the effects are important now.
She has been to London. (And so she knows London.)
Compare:
I have already been to Greece. (experience - And I want to go somewhere else now.)
I have been in Greece for two weeks. (state - I am stlill in Greece.)
When the present perfect simple describes some experience, it is often combined with the following adverbs - ever, never, already, often, occassionaly, yet, before ......
Have you ever tried it? She has never read this book. We haven't seen it yet.
3. It is used for recent events that have a present result.
The bus hasn't arrived. (It did not arrived on time and we are still waiting now.)
I have bought a new house. (I did it last month and it means that now I have a new address.)
For such actions we often use these adverbs - yet, already, just.
Has she signed it yet? (Can I take the document?)
I've already sent the letter. (There is no need to go to the post-office.)
We have just heard the news. (We know about it.)
With the present perfect tense we do not specify when the action happened. If we give the time or it is clear from the context that we mention a certain time, we must prefer the past simple.
Have you had breakfast? But: Did you have breakfast at the hotel?
I've read your letter. But: I read your letter last night.
Have you had the operation? But: When did you have the operation?
The present perfect simple is used for activities that began some time ago and continue at present. It expresses how long the action has been.
The present simple is used for actions that are repeated at present. It expresses how often the action happens.
She has worked here for a long time. But: She works here every day.
How long have you worked here? But: How often do you work here?
Positive statement: I have been working, He has been working
Negative statement: I have not been working (I haven't been working), He has not been working Question: Have you been working?
Negative question: Have you not been working? (Haven't you been working?)
1. We use the present perfect continuous tense for actions that began some time ago, are continuing now and will probably continue in the future.
I have been playing tennis since I was 6 years old. She has been working here for 15 years.
2. It describes events that started some time ago and have only just finished.
I've been skiing all day. I'm so tired.
Hello! We've been waiting for you since 5 o'clock.
1. In some situations both forms are possible and there is practically no difference in their meaning. The continuous is more usual in the English language.
It has rained for a long time. It has been raining for a long time.
Verbs which can be used in this way include - learn, live, sleep, rain, sit, work, wait, stay...
2. Sometimes the present perfect simple can express a permanent state, while the present perfect continuous a temporary activity.
I have lived here for ten years. It is my permanent address.
I have been living here for ten years. And now I am going to move.
Some verbs cannot express this difference, because they are not normally used in the continuous tenses (verbs of senses - feel, hear, see; verbs expressing emotions - like, love, admire, wish; verbs of mental state - know, remember, mean, recognize; verbs of possession - belong, own, owe; auxiliaries - can, must and be, have in some cases; others - appear, concern, seem, sound ...). They must be used in the simple form.
We have always had a dog. I've known him since 1997.
3. Verbs that express a single activity (find, start, stop, lose, break ...) are not used in the continuous form.
They've started the fight. I've lost my purse.
4. There is a difference between a single action in the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous.
I have painted the hall. (I have completed my work.)
I have been painting the hall. (That is how I have spent the day, but it does not mean that I have finished my job.)
5. A single activity in the present perfect continuous comes up to the time of speaking. But it is different with the present perfect simple.
She's been cooking dinner. (She is still in the kitchen. She has just finished or she will continue cooking.)
She has cooked dinner. (We do not know when. Yesterday or very recently? The result is important.)
6. We can only use the present perfect continuous for uninterrupted actions.
I've been visiting New York for a couple of years. She has been writing letters since she got up.
In these sentences we describe one uninterrupted incomplete activity.
If the action is repeated or interrupted (we describe a number of completed individual actions), we must use the present perfect simple. (see also the past tense rules).
I have visited New York three times. She has written four letters since she got up.
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